Ayyubid Sultanate

The Ayyubid Sultanate (Arabic: الأيوبيون al-Ayyūbīyūn; Kurdish: ئەیووبیەکان, Eyûbiyan) wss dynasty of Kurdish origin that ruled Egypt, Syria, the Jazira and the Yemen in the 12th and 13th centuries. The name of the dynasty is attributed to Ayyub b. Shadhi, the father of Saladin. The Ayyūbids played a significant role in the history of the region, notably ending Fatimid, uniting Syria and Egypt, and defeating the Crusaders.^[1]

Ayyubid Sultanate الأيوبيون ئەیووبی Eyûbî
1171–1260a
Left: Banner of the Ayyubid Dynasty Right: Reconstruction of Saladin's personal standard
Ayyubids (in pink) at the death of Saladin in 1193
Status	Sovereign state (1171–1260)
Capital	Cairo (1171–1174; 1218–1250) Damascus (1174–1218) Aleppo (1250–1260) Hama (until 1341)
Common languages	Arabic, Kurdish, Turkish[Note 1]
Religion	Sunni Islam (Shafi)
Government	Sultanate (princely confederation) under Abbasid Caliphate
Sultan
• 1174–1193	Saladin (first)
• 1193–1198	Al-Aziz
• 1198–1200	Al-Mansur
• 1200–1218	Al-Adil I
• 1218–1238	Al-Kamil
• 1238–1240	Al-Adil II
• 1240–1249	As-Salih Ayyub
• 1249–1250	Al-Muazzam Turanshah
• 1250–1260	An-Nasir Yusuf
History
• Established	1171
• Disestablished	1260a
Area
1190 est.	2,000,000 km2 (770,000 sq mi)
1200 est.	1,700,000 km2 (660,000 sq mi)
Population
• 12th century	7,200,000 (estimate)b
Currency	Dinar, Dirham
aA branch of the Ayyubid dynasty ruled Hisn Kayfa until the 1524. bThe total population of the Ayyubid territories is unknown. This population figure only includes Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, Palestine and Transjordan. Other Ayyubid territories, including coastal areas of Yemen, the Hejaz, Nubia and Cyrenaica are not included.

Saladin, founder of the dynasty, was Kurdish^[3][4][5][6] and the former vizier of Fatimid Caliphate.

1. ↑ Mazaheri & Gholami 2008.
2. ↑ Magill 1998, p. 809.
3. ↑ Riley-Smith 2008, p. 64.
4. ↑ Laine 2015, p. 133.
5. ↑ Humphreys 1977, p. 29.
6. ↑ Lewis 2002, p. 166.